A novel conversion film containing cerium and molybdenum was synthesized on the rebar surface, and then the pitting sensitivity of the rebar was improved in a concrete environment containing chloride. This conversion film presented a two-layer structure, which involved CeMoOx as the outer layer and FeOx as the inner layer. The film with two-layer structure exhibited a strong corrosion resistance after being immersed in an alkaline environment (pH = 12.5) added with 0.1 M NaCl, and the charge transfer resistance (Rt) could reach 5.88 × 10⁶ Ω·cm² after immersion for 1600 h, which was approximately 2.5 times the initial Rt value. Moreover, it was found that the film has a self-heal property when being damaged beyond the pitting potential. The anticorrosion mechanism of the film and its self-healing mechanism were discussed in depth in this study.